Word: liquids
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Cutting in after the first stage was jettisoned, the liquid-hydrogen-fueled SII second stage fired flawlessly, providing 1,000,000 Ibs. of thrust and boosting the rocket to an altitude of 115 miles before it, too, was jettisoned. Now it was the turn of the third-stage S-IVB. Firing its engine, it inserted itself, the attached Apollo spacecraft, its service module and the lunar module-a total of 140 tons-into orbit, with an apogee of 119 miles, a perigee of 114 miles. It was an impressive demonstration that, after ten years, the U.S. had finally overtaken...
...switching device many times faster (and many times smaller) than the solid-state semiconductors now used computers. With cryogenic techniques, a closet-size computer could fit in a shoe box. Cryogenics will also make possible such esoteric devices as loss-free superconductive motors with rotors that float in liquid helium, and superconductive gyroscopes that float in frictionless magnetic fields...
...more familiar applications, liquefied gases freeze food up to six times as fast as conventional freezing and produce smaller ice crystals, thus damaging fewer food cells. Liquid gases are being used in head and neck surgery, and to freeze human and animal semen for later use in artificial insemination...
...Liquid oxygen (LOX) is used as an oxidizer in rocket engines and in steel production. Liquid hydrogen has been proposed as the fuel for the supersonic transport and as the propellant in a nuclear rocket. In bubble chambers, it allows scientists to trace the path of sub-atomic particles. Gas companies are liquefying natural gas for more convenient and economical storage, and liquid nitrogen is now used to freeze the earth around excavations so that mud will not slide into the work area...
...avoid shutting down large portions of the city water system when they began installing water meters at every residence, water-department workers in Boulder, Colo., turned to cryogenics. At each house, they poured liquid nitrogen over the inlet pipes, which froze the water inside for 20 minutes and enabled them to install the meter without losing so much as a drip...