Word: localism
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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Trusteeships. Each "trusteeship" takeover of a recalcitrant local by top union bosses, long a favorite exploitation device, must be reported in detail to the Secretary of Labor. Maximum penalty: $10,000, or one year, or both...
Elections. Secret elections, protected by poll watchers and ballot-count watchers, are required every three years for local union officers, every five years for national officers, by secret ballot among membership or at a convention composed of delegates chosen by secret ballot...
...registrations, and a recommendation that would empower the commission to apply directly to federal courts for aid in enforcing subpoenas, rather than going through the Attorney General. ¶ Appointment of temporary federal registrars, empowered, on petition, to register voters for federal elections when voting rights have been denied by local officials...
...using federal loans be required to abide by antidiscrimination laws. In the field of education, the commission suggested that it serve as a clearing house for information about procedures used in school desegregation, and called for an annual school census "by race" and a federal advisory service to help local school officials plan transition periods from segregated to integrated systems...
Strong Medicine. Yet all the big innovations-images of the future-depend on local control and local money. Few states really control curriculums except New York, with its 175-year-old Board of Regents (patterned on French education). And few states provide enough money. All the states together carry 40% of the total U.S. school budget, compared to 57% by local governments...