Word: loebs
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Dates: during 1920-1929
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Prize money went: to Dr. Lasker, $1,500; to Capablanca, $1,000; to Alekhinc, $750; to Marshall, $500; to Reti, $300. But everybody got a prize. Among the innumerable special awards was a silver cup from W. M. Vance of Princeton and $75 in gold from Albert H. Loeb of Chicago, to Reti for his game against Bogolju-bow, deemed the most brilliant game of them all. Loud were the patriotic plaudits that American Marshall should do so well, and to him was given the second brilliancy prize?also for a game against Bogoljubow. Bogoljubow, the so brilliantly defeated...
Artificial Fertilization. Biologists had long known that certain low invertebrates, such as rotifers or plant lice, normally reproduce themselves without fertilization by the male, by a process called parthenogenesis (virgin birth). Loeb proved that in many other species parthenogenesis can be induced artificially by treating the egg in various ways, i.e., keeping it in sea water, in salt or sugar concentrations at a certain temperature, in certain acid solutions, pricking it with a needle. In 1899 he caused the unfertilized eggs of sea-urchins to 'develop into swimming larvae and remain alive. Similar results were obtained with starfish, worms...
Tropisms or Forced Movements. Loeb discovered that many animals, as well as plants, contain in their eyes and sometimes in their skin, photosensitive substances which are chemically altered by light. The products formed influence the contraction of the muscles. If the animal is illuminated on one side only, it is compelled to turn in the direction of the light and move forward in a straight line. Thus the marine worm is "positively heliotropic" (to sun-light). These reactions are quantitatively graded to the strength and distance of the light...
Carrying out the broader applications of tropisms, Loeb says: "Our wishes and hopes, disappointments and sufferings have their sources in instincts which are comparable to the light instinct of the heliotropic animals. The need of and the struggle for food, the sexual instinct with its poetry and its chain of consequences, the maternal instincts with the felicity and the suffering caused by them, the instinct of workmanship, and some other instincts are the roots from which our inner life develops. For some of these instincts the chemical basis is at least sufficiently indicated to arouse the hope that their analysis...
Died. Jacques Loeb, 65, famed scientist; in Bermuda...