Word: luna
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Shortly before Apollo 11 was launched in July 1969, Russian scientists sent an unmanned spaceship to the moon. Its probable mission was to land on the lunar surface, scoop up some soil and beat the Americans back to earth with the first samples of moon material. Luna 15 never achieved that ambitious goal. Several hours after Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first mortals to step onto the moon, the Soviet spaceship dropped out of lunar orbit, apparently crashed and was never heard from again...
Last week, in a rerun of that abortive flight, the Soviets had far better luck. Their unmanned Luna 16 landed on the moon, gathered up a small sample of lunar soil, took off again and returned its cargo safely to earth. The entire mission was an impressive technological tour de force that gave the Russians a sorely needed boost in morale (a typical Muscovite-in-the-street comment: "See, we're not so far behind the Americans"). NASA's acting chief, George Low, sent his congratulations to Moscow, and called the first unmanned recovery of extraterrestrial material...
...relatively primitive-a simple sphere covered with balsa wood that was ejected just before its carrier rocket smashed into the lunar surface. After bouncing and rolling to a stop, the sphere unfolded its panels like petals of a flower, righted itself and exposed its TV camera and transmitter. Luna 16 was a far more sophisticated instrument. Although the Soviets revealed few details, Western space experts believe that the spacecraft that descended to the lunar surface weighed about a ton (compared with the Apollo LM's 8 tons); it was braked first by its main engine and then...
Shortly after the successful touchdown, Soviet ground controllers performed a number of checks to determine the spacecraft's exact orientation and location on the moon-information vital for calculating Luna 16's correct homeward course. Then came the main business of the mission. On a signal from earth, an electric-powered drilling device, capable of moving horizontally and vertically, reached out like a mechanical hand; Western observers speculated that it was positioned by controllers watching it on TV. The drill then burrowed about 14 in. into the adjacent lunar soil and brought up a core sample, which...
...first expedition to the lunar highlands, Apollo 13 may bring back rocks nearly 5 billion years old, going back to the very beginnings of the solar system. Such trophies would more than convince scientists that the astronauts did not lightly pick the Apollo 13 mission motto: Ex Luna, Scientia -From the Moon, Knowledge...