Word: lunik
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Cover) When the Soviet Lunik raced past the moon and free of the earth last week, it did more than win a triumph for its designers. It also marked a turning point in the multibillion-year history of the solar system. One of the sun's planets had at last evolved a living creature that could break the chains of its home gravitational field...
...rockets do not start suddenly. They accelerate gradually, keeping their speed fairly low while still in the atmosphere, then spurting quickly. If a rocket is moving 24,000 m.p.h. when it is 300 miles above the surface, it will escape from the earth's gravitation. When the Russian Lunik launchers, watching their bird with Doppler (speed-measuring) radios, saw it pass the critical speed, they knew it would never return to earth. A lesser speed than escape velocity sets a satellite revolving around the earth just free of the atmosphere. A satellite can be compared to a chip...
...pull is as strong as the earth's. If it reaches this point with a small velocity, it will fall on the moon. If it crosses the line at good speed, it will shoot past the moon, its course merely deflected. This is what happened to the Lunik...
...close is interplanetary voyaging? The great weight (2,925 lbs. of instrumented payload) of Sputnik III proved to the space-wise that the Russians had practically licked the initial problems of interplanetary flight. U.S. scientists reckon that the Soviets' Lunik, with only a little more speed, would have swooped past Mars and soared out toward the asteroids. George Paul Sutton, professor of aeronautical engineering at M.I.T., believes that present propulsion systems with a little refinement can send a space vehicle as far as Jupiter or even to Saturn, 750 million miles from the earth...
Radioactive Moon. Russia's Lunik carried an instrument to measure the radioactivity of the moon's surface. Neither Kuiper nor Gold believes that it could have worked at the distance (4,660 miles) at which the Lunik swept past the moon, but they would be grateful for any information that the Russians choose to release. Dr. Kuiper believes that the moon's surface is blazing with radioactivity. On the earth, he says, the thick layer of air is the shielding equivalent of 3 ft. of lead or 33 ft. of water, protects the surface from many kinds...