Word: lunik
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Just before midnight, Soviet TV viewers sat up and paid rapt attention. On the screen flashed the first pictures men had ever seen of the moon's hidden face. The Soviet's Lunik III had performed just as Russian space scientists predicted, in a display of engineering virtuosity that was the greatest achievement yet in man's exploration of space...
Next day the Russians released a picture of Lunik III and a fairly detailed explanation of how it took its epoch-making pictures. Lunik III, a notably sophisticated mechanism, proved to be a top-shaped 614-lb. object incrusted with antennas and solar cells, and packed with instruments. As Lunik passed 4,000 miles below the moon's south side, the moon's gravitation tugged at it, pulling it upward (south to north) and behind the moon. This was as planned, the Russians said, so that when Lunik III returned to earth it would come closest...
...Lunik's course and timing were chosen, the Russians said, so that on the far side it would come close to a line drawn between the moon and the sun. As it approached the line, an electronic signal from the earth started its automatic machinery-and all sorts of things began to happen. Lunik was spinning (for directional stability) with one of its ends pointing roughly toward the sun; the first thing the orienting mechanism did was to stop the spinning, probably by ejecting small spurts of gas through nozzles. Then optical viewing devices looking through ports...
After all its film was exposed, an automatic mechanism set Lunik to spinning again, so that sunlight during its journey would not scorch one side while the other side froze and upset the delicate mechanism inside. Then, having gone around the moon, Lunik swung back toward the earth, began to transmit the pictures. A slow system was used when Lunik was still at a great distance from the earth, a faster system when it came nearer and its signals were easier to receive. The transmission was done by a sort of TV camera that scanned the pictures electronically, line...
Menzel stressed the need for more research money if the United States is to duplicate the Soviet feat. He did not care to predict the date of a successful American moon circuit, adding, "I only wish I knew." Lunik is now in orbit around the earth...