Word: lydian
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...completely new site, started after a landslide in the late winter of 1958 had uncovered some fine Hellenistic sculptures near the Patoclus river, brought to light what Hanfmann considers the most promising of Lydian buildings...
...further inquiry, however, among the debris of the landslide were found a Hellenistic chamber tomb, a Roman wall-painted chamber, two Lydian town walls, and a room of the seventh century B.C. These three Lydian finds represent three distinctly different phases of Lydian civilization and so will be immensely useful in tracking the urban growth of this area, one of the main objects of the expedition. An interesting sidelight of these discoveries along the Patoclus is that the Roman graves are placed near where the Lydian city had been. The Romans always buried outside the city walls; the sixth century...
These four major areas--the House of Bronzes and its Lydian potter's shop; the enormous gymnasium "B," its long row of Byzantine shops and its superb eastern court with the elaborate marble capitals; the enigmatic, technologically intricate baths area "CG," and potentially the most significant area of Yydian remains by the Patoclus--have provided Hanfmann and the scholars he has consulted with a number of new theories, most unproved as yet, about Sardis, its art, its economy, and its history...
First, Lydia must have had earlier, more intensive relations with the Greek mainland than previously thought. The early, proto-geometric style of pottery design was so abundant in the Lydian potter's shop that chronology of native Lydian pottery may have to be begun at an earlier date. Further, the Lydian potters seem to have been more strongly influenced by Southwest Asian and Cyprian artisans than was previously thought...
...enormous size of the urban aggregation of Lydian Sardis suggests a rapid state of organization in the metropolis. After a decline during Roman occupation, the large city revived, as determined from the Byzantine shops of the fifth century A.D., and remained prosperous until foreign invasions in the seventh century. In these shops, the Sardis exploration has created a new and important area for economic historians...