Word: lying
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...work is done in a long, light, white-paneled room filled with 20 trestled tables. There lie the scroll fragments, pressed flat and protected between plates of glass. Fragments are identified by labels bearing such symbols as 4 QM5, i.e., a fragment from Qumran Cave 4, under study by Milik, and belonging to the fifth plate in a series...
Where They Came From. That much is fairly certain about Qumran's Essenes. But when did they go into the desert and why? The answer must lie in the history of Israel from 200 B.C. to A.D. 68, the period indicated by paleography and archaeology for the existence of the Qumran community. It was a stretch of history so bloody and chaotic that it is easy to understand how people could believe that the End of Days was near. The tiny Jewish nation was torn and chivvied by powerful neighbors-first Egypt and Syria, later Rome. In the wake...
...leading members of the cast are the already famed Righteous Teacher, a spiritual leader with special inspiration from God, and his persecutor, the Wicked Priest, a sacrilegious, murdering, despoiling drunkard who comes to a bad end. There are probably subsidiary villains, referred to as the Man of the Lie and the Preacher of the Lie (though it is possible that these are additional epithets for the Wicked Priest). In the background is the House of Absalom, a group that betrayed the Teacher...
...Some scholars have identified the Man of the Lie as Antiochus Epiphanes, who in 175 B.C. became King of Syria, and thus ruler of Palestine. Determined to force Hellenism on the Jews, he marched an army into Jerusalem (with the help of a Hellenic fifth column) and deposed High Priest Onias III-a possible Righteous Teacher under this theory. Thus the Wicked Priest becomes one of Antiochus' appointees, Menelaus, who went to work enthusiastically forcing Greek clothes, games and gods on the Jews. Under the priest Mattathias and later his son Judas Maccabeus ("The Hammer"), the old-line Israelites...
...single night and having their wives and children slaughtered before their dying eyes-meanwhile gratifying himself with his concubines in full sight of the victims. If he is the Wicked Priest and the community in the desert was founded by Eleazar under John Hyrcanus, the Man of the Lie might be the leader of the Pharisees who had sought to remain in Jerusalem instead of facing ascetic hardship in the desert. In any case it is reasonable to assume that many Pharisees joined the Dead Sea sect at this time...