Word: magnitogorsk
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...rivers divert incoming water. As a result, Russia's caviar output has decreased; one-third of the sturgeons' spawning grounds are high and dry. Meanwhile, most municipalities lack adequate sewage treatment plants, carbon monoxide chokes the plateau towns of Armenia, and smog shrouds the metallurgical centers of Magnitogorsk, Alma-Ata and Chelyabinsk...
...convergence theory rests on three basic assumptions. One is that industrialization by necessity leads to urbanization and a common culture with uniformities in skills, techniques, organizations and even problems-like the alienation of factory workers from jobs and machines. Because workers and managers in Gary, Ind., and Magnitogorsk perform similar tasks, the argument goes, they tend to develop similar ways of life. The second premise is that industrialization leads to increased diversity and complexity in a society -to a pluralistic condition that overrides all ideologies. The third is that industrialization creates affluence, which undermines political discipline and ideological conformity...
...were assigned Intourist guides to keep them from straying. In 1955 the State Department finally retaliated by banning Soviet visitors from some 27% of the U.S. on a tit-for-tat basis (e.g., Pittsburgh was closed because the Russians forbade U.S. tourists to visit the Soviet steel center of Magnitogorsk...
Factory chimneys, grain elevators, the steel pylons of power lines rise above the plains. In the foothills of the Urals, Magnitogorsk lies on the slope of a magnetic mountain, which is fed ton by ton into the city's open-hearth and blast furnaces, making it the greatest metallurgical center in the Soviet Union. Nearby Sverdlovsk used to be known as Ekaterinburg, and was chiefly famous as the spot where, in 1918, the Bolsheviks executed Czar Nicholas II and his family. Today its 800,000 people build machine tools, TV sets, railroad cars and ball bearings...
Back in the '20s and '30s, U.S. firms helped build tractor plants in Stalingrad and a steel mill at Magnitogorsk; and U.S. engineers helped build Russia's great dam on the Dnieper...