Word: males
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...punishment - or just the threat of punishment - that's the key. Bshary and others already knew that in the wild, male wrasses, which are larger than females, become hopping mad when their partners steal a bite of their clients, and they often chase the female around in a threatening manner. To prove that this was indeed the physical scolding it appeared to be, Bshary and colleagues ran a tank experiment in which they introduced a plate of normal fish flakes (which wrasses like) and prawns (which wrasses love) to two fish. If either fish ate a tasty prawn, the researchers...
...cleaner fish may have another rationale - one that they also might share with us. The male cleaners probably punish females for biting the client because the male is a secondary victim - the client fish often swims away after being nibbled by the female, and the male wrasse loses his chance for lunch. This rationale, over the course of evolutionary eras, could have led to human society's more diffuse arrangements for punishment. "What we might be seeing is the origin of third-party punishment in human evolutionary history," Bshary says. The line connecting the male wrasse to our criminal courts...
...you’re from sunny Los Angeles (or staying with an L.A.-based roommate to escape the cold—good choice, by the way) you can catch the all-male Krokodiloes on Jan. 9 at 7 p.m. at Westwood Presbyterian Church on Wilshire Blvd. Check out the Facebook event to buy tickets. The Kroks will then hit Utah, performing at the Waterford School on Jan. 14 and the University of Utah on Jan. 18. They’ll finish up with some as-yet-unscheduled shows in NYC and head back to Cambridge...
...have shorter life spans, just as the children of the Overkalix overeaters did. "The coherence between the ALSPAC and Overkalix results in terms of the exposure-sensitive periods and sex specificity supports the hypothesis that there is a general mechanism for transmitting information about the ancestral environment down the male line," Pembrey, Bygren, Golding and their colleagues concluded in the European Journal of Human Genetics paper. In other words, you can change your epigenetics even when you make a dumb decision at 10 years old. If you start smoking then, you may have made not only a medical mistake...
...oprichniki - the special police force that carried out his violent and, well, terrible orders. To facilitate their drunken revelry, Ivan opened kabaks, or taverns, that served vodka and other alcohol (no food). By 1648, with Russians developing a strong taste for drink, a third of the country's male population was in debt to the state-owned kabaks. When Moscow started collecting the debts, peasants responded by distilling and distributing vodka at home. (See the best pictures...