Word: mammalian
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...reflex that will cause your breathing muscles - including the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs - to spasm. The pain of these spasms is what causes most people to gulp for breath after just a couple of minutes. When holding your breath underwater, however, you have a bit of mammalian evolution on your side. When humans are submerged in cold water, our bodies instinctively prepare to conserve oxygen, much in the way that dolphins' and whales' bodies do when they dive. "Heart rate drops, blood pressure goes up and circulation gets redistributed," Potkin says. The body's focus becomes getting...
...thing that draws a human male to a child of his is that, hormonally speaking, men are a lot more similar to women than many of us realize, particularly during the critical survival period approaching a child's birth and its infancy. As in some other mammalian species, human males are known to have high levels of prolactin (a hormone usually associated with lactating mothers) toward the end of a partner's pregnancy...
...bone marrow, and now two groups of scientists from Boston report that they have identified a similar mother stem cell from which most heart cells arise. Working with mice, one group at Massachusetts General Hospital isolated a cardiac stem cell that generates the three major cell types of the mammalian heart, while another group at the hospital found a stem cell that gives rise to the contracting and smooth muscle cells found in heart vessel walls...
...hard to appreciate why. Mammalian cloning is an intricate process involving at least three animals, hundreds of eggs, hundreds of more mature cells and not a single sperm. The key challenge is to undo the development of an adult cell--which, like all cells, contains in its DNA the genetic blueprint of the entire organism--that has been programmed or "differentiated" to be one kind of cell (skin or bone or nerve) and no other kind. Somehow, scientists must trick this mature, fully developed cell into resetting its genetic clock so that it can begin life anew as an embryo...
...mammalian body is surprisingly forgiving and can often compensate for minor programming errors. That's why some genetic changes in clones may not have any measurable functional effects on the animals...