Word: mao
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...production of everything from steel to sesame seeds, and given all their own hard work, mainland China's hard-pressed masses had every reason to expect to be eating higher on the hog. Instead, they are living through some of the hardest times since Mao Tse-tung took power in Peking...
...past shortages in Red China, these are not the result of a Spartan decision to export agricultural products in order to purchase machinery abroad. In the past few months Peking's trade offensive in Southeast Asia-which seriously worried the Japanese-has begun to falter badly. Fortnight ago Mao's government, despite its need for foreign exchange, canceled a contract to supply British firms with several thousand tons of cotton and cotton waste, and this breach of contract will jeopardize future negotiations...
...Timetable. The chief challenger to Khrushchev's theorizing was not present, for reasons unexplained, but the stocky shadow of Mao Tse-tung nevertheless leaned over the proceedings. Perhaps Red China's Mao knew that his ideas would not prevail. Breaking the long official Soviet silence on Red China's "big leap" to create communes throughout the countryside in 1958, Khrushchev declared that Communism-the ultimate, classless form of human society described by Marx, Engels and Lenin ("To each according to his need")-cannot be achieved without first building socialism ("To each according to his work...
...Society cannot leap into Communism from capitalism without going through a socialist stage of development," said Khrushchev. The transition "in which socialism develops into Communism is a regular historical process that cannot be arbitrarily violated or avoided." And instead of getting there first, as Mao had hinted China would, "Socialist countries, correctly using the opportunity of cooperation and mutual aid," said Khrushchev, "will more or less simultaneously reach the highest phase of Communist society." This would take "many years"; to try to leap there prematurely "would lead to the dissipation of accumulated means," necessary for expanding production...
...Tribute. Addressing the congress next day in place of the absent Mao, China's Premier Chou En-lai attacked Yugoslavia and the U.S. in terms far more bitter than Khrushchev's, and defended China's people's communes as "the best form for developing socialism under Chinese conditions." At the close, Khrushchev threw his arms round the speaker and, according to an old Russian custom, kissed him three times. It was, said a Soviet reporter, "as if not just two men but two great brotherly people had embraced." But Chou himself was forced to render tribute...