Word: mapp
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), which declared that a man accused of a felony has a right to free counsel if he cannot afford a lawyer. Gideon was not the first of the court's landmark decisions in criminal law. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) had announced the important principle that evidence seized in an illegal search may not be introduced at a man's trial. But Gideon was the first sign of the court's concern for protecting accused criminals who may not be able to defend themselves. It was followed by Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), which held...
...Mapp v. Ohio (1961) held that evidence obtained by illegal searches and seizures cannot be introduced into a state court...
Less on Precedents. Under Warren's leadership, the court has left its greatest marks in three areas: 1) civil rights, starting with the 1954 school-desegregation decision; 2) one-man, one-vote reapportionment; and 3) widened protection for the criminal defendant, promulgated most notably in the Mapp, Gideon, Escobedo, Miranda series...
...federal police were allowed to seize only four kinds of evidence: the loot of a crime; the tools by which it was committed; the means of escape, such as weapons; and contraband, such as counterfeit money. All else was inadmissible as "mere evidence." In 1961, ruling on Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court ordered state as well as federal courts to exclude evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment...
Property or Privacy? As the appellate court saw it, Mapp commanded states to follow the federal mere-evidence rule, which stemmed from the idea that the Fourth Amendment protected a person's private property from seizure. Unless the Government or the complainant could assert a superior interest in the property, said Gouled, the suspect was entitled to keep it. Straining to bypass the rule, courts have since typically barred original tax records or checks as the property of the accused and therefore mere evidence-while admitting photographic copies...