Word: marketeers
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...crack down on such borrowing, the Fed this month began requiring that banks in the U.S., including U.S. branches of foreign banks, keep 8% of their new borrowings from the Eurodollar market in reserve; thus they can lend out only 92½ of each new Eurodollar. But U.S. corporations have already found a way to avoid the regulations. They can borrow Eurodollars from a foreign bank at about 1% lower rates...
When Britain in the 1950s and the U.S. in the 1960s tried to bolster their sagging balance of payments by forbidding companies to export pounds or dollars to build plants abroad, businesses evaded the controls by borrowing in the Eurodollar market. The amount of Eurodollars available for borrowing sharply increased after the 1973-74 jump in oil prices. Members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, unable to spend their petroprofits fast enough, began parking many surplus dollars in banks outside the U.S. Cartel members now have $74 billion in these Eurodollar deposits. Bankers also started lending large amounts...
This trillion-dollar capital market has won both ardent fans and impassioned opponents. In its defense, commercial bank ers note that the Eurocurrency market readily supplies investment funds for multinational corporations and provides the mechanism whereby the OPEC countries ''recycle'' their new riches to poor developing nations. OPEC'S leaders, ever fearful of placing too much money in any one country, prefer to keep their petrodollars in short-term Eurocurrency deposits free from the long arm of any government...
...other side, worried government bankers agree with Guido Carli, former chief of Italy's central bank, that Eurocurrencies have become ''the root of all evil in the international monetary system.'' In this huge worldwide market, currencies can be traded almost instantly and without restraint. This fosters monetary instability, and since the dollar is such a large part of the system, the instability can drive down the value of the buck. Private bankers and corporate finance officers can wildly exaggerate any currency's weakness and cause its value to plummet as they unload billions...
American officials argue that the international money has partially thwarted the Federal Reserve's attempt to slow U.S. inflation by limiting credit. When the Fed tightens money to restrict loans in the U.S., banks often bring back the funds from the Eurocurrency market. In the past six months $16.5 billion has flowed in, and even savings and loan associations now borrow Eurodollars to finance mortgages...