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How long the voyagers stay on Mars will depend in part on the homeward-bound route. To await the proper alignment of Mars and the earth for an economical Hohmann-ellipse return, the crew would have to remain on Mars for more than a year -- increasing the mission length to...
But the Venus route would also cause the craft to re-enter the earth's atmosphere at 80,000 m.p.h., in contrast to the returning Apollo's 25,000 m.p.h. "We're not sure we know how to build the appropriate heat shields," says Oberg. Also, at that speed, the...
Yet the problems of sending a spacecraft to Mars and bringing it back to earth pale when compared with the challenge of keeping its human cargo safe and in peak physical and mental condition. The medical consequences of long periods of weightlessness are still not fully understood. And radiation, says...
Other questions about group dynamics abound. Among the foremost: Should women be included on a Mars expedition? If so, what about sex? No one likes to talk publicly about that, admits NASA Flight Surgeon Patricia Santy. "There's no reason, even in a highly motivated professional crew, that the same...
For all the enthusiastic talk about a manned mission to Mars, many influential voices have been raised against it. None is more formidable than that of University of Iowa Physicist James Van Allen, the discoverer in 1958 of the earth-girdling radiation belts that today bear his name. With other...