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...earthquake triggered a rescue operation by Iran's armed forces. It came at a time when political demonstrations against Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi had brought on martial law in twelve major cities and bruising confrontations between military units and Iranian Muslims. But twelve hours after the disaster struck, as flights of C-130 aircraft set up a relief shuttle from Tehran, there was no enmity between soldiers and dissidents. Landing on a hastily bulldozed gravel strip that was almost obliterated by blowing dust, the C-130s unloaded medical teams, rescue units, field hospitals, food, medicine, blankets and water. By week...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: IRAN: The Town That Disappeared | 10/2/1978 | See Source »

...martial law is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. President Washington chose to limit the use of military power when, after dispatching troops to quell the Whisky Rebellion of 1794, he ordered all insurgents to be turned over to civil rather than military courts for trial. But during the Civil War, as he struggled to hold the nation together, President Lincoln introduced preventive detention and military justice for thousands who opposed the war, including hundreds arrested in the bloody Draft Riots in New York City and elsewhere. This amounted to an imposition of martial law. In a landmark judgment, Chief...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: HUMAN RIGHTS: An Outbreak of Martial Law | 9/25/1978 | See Source »

Third World governments use a variety of names for their emergency powers. The Philippines has had full martial law since 1972, when President Ferdinand Marcos arrested hundreds of opponents and began to rule by decree. Marcos recently told a group of international lawyers that his people were more concerned about food than freedom anyway. "The bottom line of that argument," observes New York University Law School Professor Thomas Franck, "is that the suspension of political rights is a way to increase economic rights." So far, martial law has kept Marcos in power and accomplished not a great deal more...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: HUMAN RIGHTS: An Outbreak of Martial Law | 9/25/1978 | See Source »

South Korea's Park Chung-Hee has twice used martial law as a means of crushing dissent. Taiwan has never done so, but under a 30-year-old state of emergency the government can detain suspected opponents and try them in secret military courts. During the first year of Chile's state of siege following the 1973 overthrow of Marxist President Salvador Allende, an estimated 33,000 people disappeared or were killed. Pakistan is ruled by a "martial law administrator," General Zia ul-Haq, though his ministries are now headed by civilians. Nigeria, Ghana and Sudan all have...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: HUMAN RIGHTS: An Outbreak of Martial Law | 9/25/1978 | See Source »

...concept of martial law has meaning only when applied to a country that pays at least theoretical respect to the protection of human rights. In China there is no martial law, but neither does the populace enjoy most of the rights that could be jeopardized by martial law. In the Soviet Union, civilian authority as embodied in the Communist Party is all-powerful. The country has an intricate court system, and much attention is paid to what is called "socialist legality," but this is not to be confused with the Western concept of the rule of law. As the founder...

Author: /time Magazine | Title: HUMAN RIGHTS: An Outbreak of Martial Law | 9/25/1978 | See Source »

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