Word: marxisms
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...Bertolucci recaps most of 20th century Italian history for the primary purpose of preaching doctrinaire Marxism. Whatever one's politics, the bombast is often hard to take: the writer-director's presentation of class warfare has the subtlety of a B western, and he willfully compromises the dramatic structure of 1900 to underscore his dialectic. Yet the movie does frequently take flight-whenever the director's fevered cinematic imagination overrules the Pavlovian reflexes of his radical conscience...
...Gorky, Soviet Christians cry out for more churches Marxism may teach that religion must wither away, but the state is forever trying to help the process along. Though the new constitution, like the old, "recognizes" religious liberty in the U.S.S.R., the government decides exactly how many churches can stay open. Today there are only 7,500 Russian Orthodox churches, a tenth as many as before the 1917 Revolution, and 1,000 of these are not, in fact, in operation...
Thus, in its different ways, constructivism aspired to become the last universal style. Its victory would bring the history of art to an end and accomplish the millennium. The constructivist vision was art's analogue to the reigning fantasy of Marxism: the dictatorship of the proletariat. Its ideal order would wipe out nostalgia for older styles and set up a "permanent revolution" of design. Alas for the designers, this did not happen. Most of the triumphs of constructivism survived in the fictional space of painting or sculpture, theater or typography. As soon as ideal form moved into the real...
...would go on to tell them in this, his last letter to them, that his Marxism had led him to a firm conviction in armed struggle as the only solution for people who fight to liberate themselves, and that he would be consistent with these beliefs. Two years later, he would be captured in a lonely canyon in the Bolivian jungle, his legs shot away, firing his rifle until it was shot out of his hands. Denied medical treatment and tortured, he died, mercifully, the next night. He would be buried in an unmarked grave. In the end, he would...
...Africa, Robeson became a socialist. Never a very sophisticated and self-critical socialist, to be sure; the leftist Harlem newspaper he published through the 1950s often presented facile and sometimes unrealistic analyses of black urban politics and culture. But Robeson never was a keen student of historical change; his Marxism stemmed from that same universalist vision, that dream that all other blacks might someday feel, like him, part of the family...