Word: marylands
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Despite these shortcomings, many U.S. companies have established fluidics divisions. They are spending millions of dollars annually on fluidics research and development and will sell an estimated $30 million worth of fluidic products this year. One pioneering firm, Maryland's Bowles Engineering Corp., works entirely on the development of fluidic technology and systems. Appliance makers are developing washing machines and dishwashers with fluidic controls. Detroit auto manufacturers are considering a number of fluidic devices such as fluid amplifiers for gas turbine engines. Mattel Inc. is developing fluidic-controlled toys that will respond to sound, and General Time Corp...
...striking down three of the grants last June, Maryland's top court invoked the Supreme Court's own test when it banned compulsory Bible reading in public schools in 1963: "To withstand the strictures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion." It did not matter that the grants were specifically limited to nonreligious purposes-construction of dormitories and science buildings. Instead, the court asked whether each church college was so permeated by religion that a secular grant would automatically aid its sectarian ambiance...
...church control and the number of compulsory religious courses to the "image of the college in the community." However inviting to subjective judgment, the test clearly barred grants to the two Catholic colleges, one of which planned to put crucifixes in each new, tax-paid science classroom. Western Maryland's Methodism was more elusive, but clear church control barred that grant too. Only Hood (U.C.C.) passed the test, because, among other open-minded policies, it welcomes teachers and students of all faiths-Jews, Catholics, Lutherans, Quakers and agnostics, to name...
...Maryland court went out of its way to pose a Supreme Court test, specifically basing its decision on the federal rather than the state constitution. But the Supreme Court did not rise to the challenge, and many educators fear that the Maryland decision will chill or freeze federal programs across the country. As they see it, state taxpayers may try to enjoin state-paid officials from disbursing federal funds to church schools...
...fact, though the federal legislation was carefully drawn to omit state spending, the mere participation of state officials may invite challenge. Many states also have their own vulnerable programs: New York, for example, is being attacked for lending public-school teachers and textbooks to parochial schools. Although the Maryland decision applies only to that state, it is sure to generate confusion and litigation elsewhere until the Supreme Court acts...