Word: maser
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...credit Albert Einstein with the origination in 1917 of the theory behind the laser [July 12]. The origin of the theory of the laser is credited to Columbia University Physicist Charles Townes, who conceived of the idea for the maser in 1951. The maser theory led directly to the laser theory in the late 1950s. If one is to search any farther back for a causative scientific theory, one must not be so shortsighted as to focus on 1917. The actual origin of the theory that made the laser possible must be credited to the Greek scientists Leucippus...
...Physicists Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes describe a device that they thought would be able to stimulate molecules of gas confined in a cylinder until they gave off photons in an intense and powerful stream. Their device was a variation of Townes's earlier Nobel Prizewinning invention, the maser-an instrument that produced invisible microwaves by a process called "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation." Because it was designed to produce visible light, ihey called their proposed new instrument an optical maser...
...work, on the optical resonance of atoms, was published more recently-in 1950. It explained his technique for irradiating an atom to make it emit radiation of its own, thereby revealing the nature of its structure. Because Kastler, now 64, paved the way for the later development of the maser-which earned U.S. Physicist
...pioneer in tactical missiles, in launching the first U.S. satellite, in making a soft landing on the moon and in taking close-up pictures of the moon and Mars. At the same time, such speculative M.I.T. thinkers as Physicist Charles Townes, who worked out principles that led to thet maser and laser, and Cyberneticist Norbert Wiener, whose theories helped lay the foundations of automation, make M.I.T. much more than a producer of management specialists. Ironically, both schools have also contributed to Red China's nuclear missile capability by training its missile expert, Tsien Hsue-shen (see THE WORLD...
Ramsey participated in the discovery, some years ago, that the heavy hydrogen nucleus is egg-shaped rather than spherical. More recently, with other Harvard scientists, he has been working to determine the distribution of electrical charges within the proton. In 1960, his laboratory built the first atomic hydrogen maser, which could become the most accurate atomic clock in the world...