Word: masers
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...picture. And by the time the signals reached a tracking station, they were no stronger than one-billionth of one-billionth of a watt. Those faint whispers were picked up by big-dish antennas and amplified a thousand times as they were piped through a liquid helium maser. So slow was the transmission rate that no complete picture could be received at any one tracking station. As the Earth's rotation carried one station out of range, another moved into position to collect the rest of the message...
Carbide makes more than a thousand varieties of plastic (for women's coats, artificial wigs, handbags and baby bottles), last year acquired the Englander Co., a mattress maker, to spread sales of urethane foam. Its Linde division makes synthetic sapphires for scientific use with laser and maser beams, but has a profitable sideline in women's jewelry. In fact, though Carbide is primarily a supplier to other industries, it now counts about 10% of its sales in direct consumer products. Its longtime line of Eveready batteries includes 450 shapes and sizes, and its Prestone trademark...
Aleksandr M. Prochorov and Nikolai G. Basov, who independently developed a somewhat similar maser at Moscow's Lebedev Institute of Physics...
Wide Variety. Working half the world apart, the maser men learned how to use radio microwaves to induce molecules and atoms to give up their stored energy. That newly released energy starts a sort of chain reaction, and the amplified electronic wave that results has since been tamed into a powerful scientific tool. "Masers," says Dr. Townes, "give us one more control over electromagnetic waves, including radio waves and light waves. We have used them to develop an atomic clock which is very precise; in 30,000 years it would gain or lose one second." Now that scientists have learned...
...Charles H. Townes, provost of M.I.T., received the Nobel Prize in Physics yesterday. He is credited with fathering maser theory, which has improved long distance communications, especially in the use of satellites. Two Russians, who have contributed to maser technology and theory, will split half of the $52,123 prize...