Word: mentalities
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...Mental deterioration. Several small trials have indicated that estrogen improves memory for postmenopausal women. And a tantalizing study, reported in 1993, found that HRT enhanced the mental function of women with mild to moderate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease...
...Barbara Williams, 47, of Chicago was so irritable, she says, that "my family would hate to see me coming home from work." An estrogen patch (plus progesterone pills) evened out her moods. HRT can sometimes alleviate vaguer woes -- the generalized achiness that some women feel and a sense of mental fogging. There is a "euphoric effect or general improvement in mental state," says Cleveland endocrinologist Wulf Utian, co-founder of the North American Menopause Society...
...fund lavish "magnet" schools in Kansas City because test scores at predominantly black schools still lag behind national averages. According to Thomas, the judge had misinterpreted previous court rulings -- including Brown -- "to support the theory that black students suffer an unspecified psychological harm from segregation that retards their mental and educational development. This approach not only relies upon questionable social-science research rather than constitutional principle, but it also rests on an assumption of black inferiority." This, notes Ted Shaw, the N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense and Education Fund lawyer who represented the plaintiffs in the Jenkins case, "is probably the first...
Long before it works its turbulent magic at puberty, long before we are even born, estrogen leaves its indelible mark on our mental functions. Not only does it help sculpt the brain during the earliest stages of development; it also continues to play a role in learning and memory throughout life. Subtle differences between the male and female brain can be traced to the influences of estrogen and testosterone in the womb. (While all fetuses are exposed to their mother's estrogen, male fetuses produce testosterone in their testes by the 12th week of gestation.) Particularly affected is the hypothalamus...
Even the normal rise and fall of estrogen during a woman's menstrual cycle can affect mental performance. Young women do better on Sherwin's word-pair memory tests during the luteal phase of their cycle, when estrogen and progesterone levels are high, than during menstruation, when hormone levels are low. This doesn't mean women are less competent late in their cycles, says Sherwin; the changes are too minor "to have any real effect in the real world." Still, there is little doubt that the foggy forgetfulness that envelops some women as they approach menopause is a direct result...