Word: methodism
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Some 42 percent of voters said they either had not decided or did not want to say who would get their "number one" votes--the strongest possible method of supporting a candidate in Cambridge's proportional voting system...
...author of "Indians", "Wings", which was made into a TV screenplay, and, most recently, "End of The World," first produced in Washington, D.C. in 1984, told the audience that he believes the most productive writing method is to work on many pieces simultaneously...
...first, scientists insisted it could not possibly work. Then they said it was too hard to understand. But three decades after Herbert Hauptman and Jerome Karle, working at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, developed a mathematical method to determine the three-dimensional structure of molecules, no chemist can live without it. Recognizing the importance of the analytical technique, the Nobel Committee awarded the 1985 Prize for Chemistry to Karle, who still works at the Naval lab, and Hauptman, now the research director of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo Research Laboratories. The honor was not entirely unexpected...
Known simply as the "direct method," the Karle-Hauptman system has extensive practical and medical applications. More than 45,000 small molecules have been analyzed with its aid, including such basic substances as hormones and vitamins. Most recently, the method has been used to design new antibiotics and vaccines. Says Swedish Chemist Ingvar Lindqvist, a member of % the Nobel Committee: "It is not possible to name fields in chemistry where the method is not used...
...dimensional picture of the crystal. Straightforward as this sounds, the equations were so daunting that they were ignored by the scientific community for ten years. Says Hauptman: "Crystallographers didn't have the background to use it." With the spread of high-speed computers, however, the power of the new method became clear. Once it took a couple of years to analyze a small crystal. Now, says Karle's wife Isabella, a chemist and one of the earliest champions of the technique, "this is done routinely in about...