Word: methods
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...within reach thanks to Scientists Alexander Metherell, John Dreher, Lewis Laramore and Hussein El-Sum, of the McDonnell Douglas Corp.'s Advanced Research Laboratories at Huntington Beach, Calif. Last week, writing in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Metherell and his collaborators described the method-called acoustical holography...
...method uses "pure" sound waves of a single frequency that are bounced off the subject and picked up by one or more scanning microphones. At the same time, a sound signal of the same frequency is transmitted directly to the microphones. The two tones-reflected and direct-interfere with each other in a complex sound pattern that is, in effect, an acoustical "picture" of the object being scanned. The mixed pattern of sound is transmitted as electrical en rgy from the microphones to an oscilloscope-similar to a television picture tube. The oscilloscope then converts the electrical energy into light...
...void because of vagueness. Louisville's loitering and disorderly-conduct ordinances went down on the same ground. An ordinance requiring permits for parades was found to contain no standards to guide the licensing authorities. A state law against criminal syndicalism included a ban on counseling an unlawful method to accomplish a political end; this, said the court, violated the First Amendment's free-speech guarantee. And since the state conspiracy law could be read to outlaw "such functions as peaceable assembly," it too was declared unconstitutional...
...interviews with hundreds of teachers and administrators, Chall found that few referred to research in defending their use of the meaning method. "Their language," she says, "was more often characteristic of religion and politics, than of science and learning...
...tremendous financial interests of publishers have buttressed emotional commitments to the meaning method, says Chall. She quotes one editor who estimates the cost of one beginning reader series at "probably within the range of 10 to 20 million dollars...