Word: methods
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...method of cloud-seeding used by the Chinese involves dosing the atmosphere with silver iodide, a chemical solution either dropped from planes or shot up from the ground. (Other methods use salt or dry ice.) The silver iodide particles supercharge cloud formation, as they act as excellent condensation nuclei. Once clouds form, they also start a positive feedback effect. As droplets freeze and are added to the cloud, they release their heat, creating an updraft which draws additional moisture from the ground into the atmosphere...
General anesthesia - the enabler of modern surgery and medical intervention - is one of the great triumphs of the scientific method. Ether, the compound from which almost all modern anesthetics are derived, was discovered largely by luck and its derivatives through trial and error. As a result, however, much about these drugs remains mysterious. Even today, doctors are baffled as to why exactly anesthetics cause unconsciousness in patients. (See the most common hospital mishaps...
...surgery proved dangerous," Wilder explains. It is also important to remember how primitive surgical painkilling mechanisms were before the invention of ether, Wilder adds. According to the medical historian Paul Strathern, for example, the greatest French surgeon of the early 19th century, Guillaume Dupuytren, once reported that the best method he had discovered for anesthetizing his female patients was to make a "brutal remark" and hope they fell into a faint...
...major reforms will be a switch to instant-runoff voting, the method currently utilized by the Undergraduate Council, which involves ranking candidates in order of preference...
...Feinberg's big changes are in the form of payment, particularly on Wall Street. Gone are year-end payouts and AIG-style guaranteed retention awards. Instead, he devised a method of compensating executives: something he calls salary stock. Each pay period, the executives at Bank of America, GM and the other firms will get awards of stock along with their regular paychecks. The checks can be cashed immediately, but the executives may not sell the stock for up to four years. Also, bonuses are paid in restricted stock, which must be held for at least three years...