Word: miceli
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...idea that the same process could be at work in cancer originated with leukemia researchers. In a series of studies in the 1990s, scientists began taking leukemia cells from human patients, separating out fractions of those cells and putting them into mice specially bred to tolerate human implants. Some of the cell fractions developed into tumors in the animals, while others did not. That was the first proof that the cells in a cancer were not homogeneous. Some cells were more dangerous than others...
...edge, working from the knowledge of blood stem cells they have been building since the 1940s. Dick's group in Toronto was the first to identify a protein, CD34, as a potential screen for leukemia stem cells. He showed that tumor cells with plenty of CD34, when injected into mice, flowered into cancerous growths. Leukemia cells without the protein, by contrast, did nothing...
Because characteristics like limb development are governed by powerful families of genes known as Hox genes, the fishapod's curious mix of features intrigues developmental biologists as much as it does paleontologists. Recent experiments on mice by University of Geneva geneticist Denis Duboule and his colleagues, for example, show that Hox genes control limb development in two stages. "Even though the same genes are involved," says Duboule, "separate processes govern the development of arms and legs and the development of hands and feet...
...Alaska, salmon populations are at risk as melting permafrost pours mud into rivers, burying the gravel the fish need for spawning. Small animals such as bushy-tailed wood rats, alpine chipmunks and pińon mice are being chased upslope by rising temperatures, following the path of the fleeing trees. And with sea ice vanishing, polar bears--prodigious swimmers but not inexhaustible ones--are starting to turn up drowned. "There will be no polar ice by 2060," says Larry Schweiger, president of the National Wildlife Federation. "Somewhere along that path, the polar bear drops...
...Harvard Medical School, found that in embryonic brain cells where healthy prion concentration was high, there was an increase in the proliferation of the brain cells. Researchers tested the levels of healthy prions—abbreviated as Prp(c)s—on the embryonic brain tissue of mice both with and without Prp(c) genes, along with mice that overexpressed the gene. The mice that overexpressed the gene had markedly increased amounts of proliferating cells, while those that lacked the Prp(c) gene had lower amounts of cell formation, yet grew into normal adults. Lindquist said this indicates healthy...