Word: microarrays
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...decoded in full. The researchers looked at the genes that were switched on in the guts of sick and healthy bees - the gut being both the place pesticides are detoxified and the main region for immune defense. The technique they used is what's known as a whole-genome microarray, and it's ideal for this kind of sweeping analysis. "It's a really powerful tool that lets us look at all 10,000 honeybee genes at the same time," says Berenbaum. "The causative agents [for CCD] might just leap...
...guts of CCD-afflicted bees, the microarray analysis showed unusual fragments of ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are essentially the protein factories inside cells - they're vital to the health of the cell itself and the larger organism. Berenbaum believes that the presence of those genetic fragments inside the CCD-afflicted bees indicates that they may be under attack by a number of insect viruses - including deformed wing virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus - that damage the ribosomes. "It was the one factor that remained consistently associated with the CCD bees we tested, no matter where they came from or how severe...
Berenbaum is quick to point out that the microarray analysis is only correlative, meaning that while it can show evidence that certain viruses are present in CCD-afflicted bees, it doesn't reveal exactly what role the viruses play, nor how best to battle them. One approach might be to control infestations by varroa mites, which carry multiple viruses into the hives they attack. The good news is that the disorder may be on the wane, with the Apiary Inspectors of America reporting that deaths from CCD are below 30% for the first time since the crisis began. "The phenomenon...
...binding of estrogen to the ER, according to a statement released by Dana-Farber. The map itself was created through a novel technique known as ChIP on chip, which involves purifying regions of the genome that take orders directly from the ER, and placing the regions on microarray chips containing the complete human genome. This process allowed researchers to contrast the two sets of genetic information, and to see which genes are expressed as a result of interaction with the ER, according to the statement. Brown said that the technique allowed the researchers to identify the location of the relevant...
...crucial piece of technology for understanding biological networks is the DNA microarray, invented in the early 1990s. The microarray allows scientists to determine, all at once, the relative levels at which genes are expressed in cells...