Word: mid
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...First Five-Year Plan (1953), functional specialization became the order or the day. Thus, virtually all leaders soon came to be identified with only one of the four categories mentioned above: the CCP, the government bureaucracy, the army, or the "mass" organizations. At this same time in the mid-fifties, a large number of second-level leaders who had proved their worth in the provinces were brought to Peking to administer the growing central bureaucracy. As a consequence, most of the major tasks in the provinces were left to what might be termed the rising third echelon of leaders...
Thus, by the mid-fifties, the leadership patterns of the PRC had become reasonably well bureaucratized. Cadres within the system and scholars abroad could read the national and local news media with a fairly high degree of assurance as to who actually ruled China, what policies were to be followed, and how they were to be implemented. This, to be sure is an oversimplification. Yet, although there were twists and turns in politics, and advances and retreats in the stature of many leaders, there was a basic solidity by the mid-fifties that was unmistakable...
...regional Party bureaus. Without exception the Maoist leadership gave the top jobs to some of its oldset veterans. Furthermore, to fill a large number of these assignments in the regional bureaus, many senior Party leaders were sent out from Peking--thereby reversing the trend of the early and mid-fifties to bring the leading local leaders to Peking as they proved their capabilities at the local levels. The trends towards specialization (i.e., functional assignments within the Party, the government bureaucracy, etc.) were also eroded during this period of reaction to the failures of the Great Leap Forward...
...SOME of the above remarks suggest, the younger leaders have encountered serious problems of upward mobility. The trends of the mid-fifties suggested that the supreme elite was aware of such problems and had arranged and structured the various hierarchies in such a manner as to allow for rational advancement by younger Party members. Then the crisis created by the Great Leap failures curbed these processes. But since the "crisis" has now persisted for approximately half of the life of the CPR, one can hardly maintain that the orderly promotion of younger Party cadre was only temporarily delayed. Rather...
...arbitrariness of the Maost leadership has been brought into sharper focus during the purge that is being carried out at present (mid-1966). Purges or "semi-purges" in the past were carried out with a kind of surgical precision. Quite often the victims could be linked with policy disagreements (such as Ch'en Yun, the former top economic specialist who was removed from power). Previously, the language used to describe the "guilty" was stern, but usually stopped short of hysterical. Furthermore, from the point of view of the victims, there was in most cases the possibility of "rehabilitation"--not Soviet...