Word: mined
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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GETTING IT. Coal is often difficult and dangerous to mine. In 1969, Congress passed the National Coal Health and Safety Act to force improvements in mine conditions. These were vividly recalled by Arnold Miller, president of the United Mine Workers, in a recent speech. Old miners, said Miller, "labored their lives away in the bowels of the earth and reaped as their reward a back bent like a stunted tree and lungs that did not work because they were full of coal dust." The law has started to change the situation, but it also has sharply increased operating costs...
...large producers (see box) have already begun a massive switch to new technology to boost productivity. Many, too, have started training programs to teach miners to use such innovations as conveyor belts that turn corners in the labyrinthine mines and hydraulic supports to prop up mine roofs. Explains John Corcoran, president of Consolidation Coal Co.: "They used to say that a miner needed a strong back. Now he needs a good head more." Still, since the new machinery is costly, it will badly strain many of the nation's 1,200 mining companies, particularly the small ones with little...
About 1,200 U.S. companies mine coal, but ten of them consistently account for almost half of the nation's production. Four are owned by large metals manufacturers, which are skilled at mining and shipping ores and use much coal in their smelters and blast furnaces. Four others are owned by oil or gas companies. Another, Clinchfield, is owned by Pittston Co., which also has oil interests. Only one of the Big Ten, North American Coal, is independent...
...emergency, the U.S. has enormous resources of its own to fall back on. Because they are either low-grade or relatively hard to get to, it is not now economically feasible to mine them. But the picture would change if the price of imported minerals became oppressively high. Though American bauxite reserves are limited, there is an abundance of other clays and ores from which aluminum could be produced-at increased cost. Rising foreign prices would also make it worthwhile to dig out less accessible mineral deposits and thus open up large new reserves of chromium, copper, iron...
When you go your way and I go mine...