Word: minkowsky
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...score remained 3-1 until the second half when Harvard's Doug Stone, on an assist by Kloske, booted in a goal. After one more point by Tufts, Harvard's Chris Minkowski tallied to complete the scoring...
...hard not to return." In 1959 he accepted the offer of an assistant professorship at Caltech and came back to Pasadena. The following year, after immersing himself in the specialties of his American colleagues-spectroscopy, cosmic radiation and extragalactic phenomena-he took over the job of retiring Astronomer Rudolph Minkowski, who had been working on spectrograms of radio galaxies. Almost immediately, he found himself "struggling quietly" with the riddle of the curious objects that turned out to be quasars...
...accomplishments in astronomy did not diminish. He re-examined the special stars that astronomers had used for a generation to measure great distances-and found that they had been misinterpreted. Thus the observed universe, through Baade's work, doubled in size. In 1952, in collaboration with Rudolph Minkowski (TIME, June 27), he found the first pair of galaxies in collision. This proved that galaxies do in fact collide. Baade therefore examined close clus ters of galaxies for evidence that some of them may have collided in the past. Sure enough, such cluster galaxies contained few of the young stars...
Tale of a Spectrum. Minkowski still did not know the distance from earth of the colliding galaxies. Further exposures, up to nine hours long, gave photographs of their spectrum. The familiar spectral lines had shifted far into the red. According to the theory of the expanding universe, a red shift means that the photographed object is moving away from the observer with a speed proportionate to the shift. In this case the galaxies appeared to be receding at the extraordinary speed of 90,000 miles per second-about 46% of the speed of light which, according to Einstein...
Since the distance, in turn, is proportionate to the speed, what Rudolph Minkowski got was a photographic glimpse of something 6 billion light years away-and 6 billion years ago-probably before the earth or its sun were formed. During the past 6 billion years, the galaxies may have accelerated to almost the speed of light. If so, they have passed over the brink of the theoretically visible universe and entered a sort of limbo which cosmologists visualize only vaguely...