Word: modell
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...experiments was designed to determine the extent to which aggression can be transmitted to children through exposure to aggressive adult models. One group of children observed an aggressive model who exhibited relatively novel forms of physical and verbal aggression toward a large inflated plastic doll; a second group viewed the same model behave in a very subdued and inhibited manner, while children in a control group had no exposure to any models. Half the children in each of the experimental conditions observed models of the same sex as themselves and the remaining children in each group witnessed opposite-sex models...
This investigation was later extended in order to compare the effects of real-life and film-mediated or televised aggressive models on children's behavior. Children in the human film-aggression group viewed a movie showing the same adults who had served as models in the earlier experiment portraying the novel aggressive acts toward the inflated doll. Children in the cartoon-aggression group saw a film projected on a glass lenscreen in a television console. In this film a female model was costumed as a cat and exhibited aggressive behavior toward a plastic doll...
...results of these experiments leave little doubt that exposure to aggressive models heightens children's aggressive responses to subsequent frustration. As shown in Fig. 1, children who observed the aggressive models exhibited approximately twice as much aggression as did subjects in the nonaggressive model group or in the control group. In addition, children who witnessed the subdued nonaggressive model displayed the inhibited behavior characteristic of their model and expressed significantly less aggression than the control children...
Some evidence that the influence of models is partly determined by the sex appropriateness of their behavior is provided by the finding that the aggressive male model was a more powerful stimulus for aggression than the aggressive female model. Some of the children, particularly the boys, commented spontaneously on the fact that the female model's behavior was out of character (e.g., "That's no way for a lady to behave. Ladies are supposed to act like ladies...
...contrast, aggression by the male model was generally viewed as appropriate and approved by both the boys ("A1's a good socker, he beat up Bobo. I want to sock like A1.") and the girls ("That man is a strong fighter. He punched and punched, and he could hit Bobo right down to the floor and if Bobo got up he said, 'Punch your nose.' He's a good fighter like Daddy...