Word: modernize
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Outer Seven and the Common Market inner six if the day of political rapprochement ever arrives. For it is politics, not economics, that led to the bifurcation of Western Europe's trade, particularly politics between England and France, part of their centuries-old struggle for hegemony in modern Europe. It was France, with its history of narrow economic nationalism, that vetoed Britain's hopes for a free-trade area with the Common Market, and it was Britain's reluctance to give up its freedom of action that kept it from joining the Common Market as a full...
...ironies of history is that in the land where once the Romans hammered out the basic statutes of law and justice for the Western world, their successors in the modern nation of Italy are caught in as tangled and Kafkaesque a legal code as besets any country. Wrestling with precedents that go back to the Twelve Tables of 450 B.C., to the Caesars and Hadrian and Justinian, plagued by remnants of the Code Napoleon and the harsh Fascist glorifications of police and state, baffled judges let dockets pile up. Cases drag on, and prisons overflow with prisoners still awaiting trial...
Since ancient times amnesty has been used ceremonially ("Whom will ye that I release unto you? Barabbas or Jesus?") by authoritarian governments to placate their people. But modern Italy's need of amnesty springs from the basic injustices of its present laws and the overcrowding of its jails. The Italian constitution of 1948 provides for a form of habeas corpus and declares the citizen innocent until proved guilty, but under Italy's outmoded legal procedures and the operation of Italy's judges-most of whom, while not Fascists, got their legal training under Fascism-suspects often languish...
...Summer School office has also disclosed which courses are most popular this year. The following courses have enrollments of over 100: Fine Arts S-19e, Five Epochs of Art History: Selected Works of Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modern Art; History S-134b, Intellectual History of Europe Since 1815; English S-164, Aspects of the Impressionistic Novel; Government S-185, The United States in World Politics; Chem S-20, Organic Chemistry; History S-155c, Russian Thought from Ivan the Terrible to Pasternak; Psychology...
...characteristics of the modern theatre are its isolationist status on Broadway and its highly commercial outlook which makes for little artistry and attracts to production staffs a host of "ignoramuses and vulgarians," interested only in popular entertainment and high profits...