Word: molds
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...three surgeons-Dr. Arthur Waite Bohne, chief of the Department of Urology at Ford, Dr. Paul Jackson Hettle of his staff, and Dr. Robert Wallace Osborn-began experimenting on dogs, succeeded in regenerating completely removed bladders by introducing a plastic mold around which a new bladder could grow. The technique worked so well that they decided to try it on humans...
Instead of a mold, which has to be removed in a second operation, the doctors used a three-by-four-inch. egg-shaped plastic bag. They removed B.C.M.'s diseased bladder, severing the ureters and the urethra where they entered the bladder, and put the inflated bag in its place. A Y-shaped tube ran through the bag. Its two arms were inserted through the dangling ureters to the kidneys and its trunk was passed through the urethra and outside the body through an incision (necessary only in males). This short cut from the kidneys permitted B.C.M. to live...
Citation: "Examining red bread mold, in collaboration with Dr. E. L. Tatum, he discovered that the genes control the synthesis of vitamins and amino acids in the living cell, and thus he made possible further discoveries not only of the nature of the genes but of principles in biochemistry and bacteriology...
...enduring heritage was divided into three parts: he 1) set the boundaries of Italy just about where they are today, 2) was responsible for the Julian calendar of 365 days, 3) brought France into the 'community of nations and fixed the civilization of the Mediterranean world into the mold which still contains it. The dagger-wielding son of his onetime mistress to whom he gasped "Et tu, Brute" may have been the noblest, but Caius Julius Caesar was certainly the biggest Roman of them...
...primarily the Harvard Foundation for Advanced Study and Research were cited by Johnson for their timely work in examining old concepts in world affairs. Johnson claimed that "there are many old concepts that no longer possess the same validity they possessed in the past and that nevertheless still mold our thinking about current world problems, cometimes to a dangerous degree...