Word: molecular
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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Vitamins. In 1934, Merck's head of research, Dr. Randolph Major, got a call from Biochemist Robert Runnells Williams. Said Williams: "I've isolated a minute quantity of B1." Would Merck be interested in supplying him with more of the natural substance, helping to establish its molecular structure, and maybe trying to synthesize...
Studying this method, Land realized that the process might work better on the molecular scale. He finally worked out a means in which a sheet of polyvinyl alcohol a thick plastic--was stretched. In the stretching, the molecules of the plastic would align themselves with their poles in the same direction. Land had a cheap, permanent device that was far more efficient, both in the transmission and the exclusion of light, than was its crystal predecessor...
Beyond Death. The danger zone, Luyet found, was around - 20° F. At that temperature, moisture in the experimental tissues freezes into ice crystals, rearranging each cell's molecular structure into a "thermodynamically stable configuration" -the scientists' fancy name for death. What the experimenters needed was a quick-freeze system that would jump through the "death stage" in a split second, turn their research tissues into a vitreous, glasslike state before internal liquid had a chance to crystallize...
...bounded on the rough side by "Huh," and on the smooth by slick patter ("Her voice was like _ a cello bowed up near the bridge"). All the objects of numbed horror are interchangeable, whether they are masked women wearing steel talons on their fingertips or vaporous robots created by "molecular integrators" out of the vagaries of spacetime...
...simulate these peculiar conditions, California scientists use a peculiar apparatus: a "molecular beam" developed by Physicist Franklin C. Hurlbut. First, all possible air is pumped from the stainless steel tube (which takes a week of pumping). At one end of the tube is a small "source chamber" containing nitrogen gas. When this is heated by a furnace, the nitrogen molecules pick up kinetic energy and zigzag through the chamber at great speed. Those that happen to be shooting in the right direction pass through a hole one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter that leads to the evacuated tube...