Word: molecular
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...other nations gained was re-emphasized last week when the latest Nobel prizes in science went to two refugees from Hitler: Dennis Gabor, who won the 1971 prize in physics for his invention of holography, and Gerhard Herzberg, who earned the laurels in chemistry for his pioneering work in molecular spectroscopy...
...cells used by Molecular Biologists Carl Merril, Mark Geier and John Petricciani at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. were taken from a victim of the hereditary disease called galactosemia. Because of a defect in the genes in the nuclei of his cells, the victim was unable to produce the essential enzyme that enables the body to metabolize galactose, a simple sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Unless an infant born with the defect is quickly placed on a milk-free diet, he faces malnutrition, mental retardation and even death...
...dithionite and saponin. Clouding of the solution is a danger signal but does not specifically identify hemoglobin S. If the first round arouses suspicion, a second test, also based on Murayama's work, is performed immediately. Urea, a natural waste substance produced by the normal liver, breaks some molecular bonds in abnormal hemoglobin. When urea is added to the solution that had shown a positive reaction initially, the liquid clears quickly if hemoglobin S is present...
...favorite theories: "In capitalist countries, the direction of science is in the hands of those who hate peace." Nonetheless, they recognized the greatness of Bernal's own contributions to science, including experiments with crystals in the 1920s and '30s that helped lay the groundwork for molecular biology. When Sir John Anderson, Home Secretary at the outbreak of World War II, was criticized for hiring an outspoken Communist to work as an explosives expert, he replied that he would employ Bernal "even if he is as red as the flames of hell...
...Baltimore program owes its origin to several recent scientific discoveries in the field of molecular biology. One was the identification of the enzyme hexosaminidase-A, the lack of which causes Tay-Sachs disease. Another was the development of a technique for taking cells from the amniotic fluid, the clear, amber liquid in which the developing fetus floats, and analyzing the cells for the presence-or absence-of the essential enzyme. The most important step, however, was perfecting a simple blood test to identify adults who carry the defective gene but are themselves unaffected...