Word: monod
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...possible answer was provided in 1961, when French Biologists Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod hypothesized that only a few genes in any cell were active in controlling the production of enzymes that gave the cell its characteristics. The remaining genes, they proposed, were deactivated -turned off by mysterious represser substances produced by other genes. Thus, the genes that are active in a hair cell may be turned off in a liver cell, where a different combination of genes is active...
Lactose Tracer. Although the brilliant concept of Jacob and Monod had become generally accepted by 1965, when it helped to win for them the Nobel Prize in Medicine, no one had ever been able to provide direct laboratory proof that their concept was correct. Now the evidence has begun to come in. Harvard University scientists have succeeded in isolating and analyzing two of the Hitherto theoretical substances that repress gene activity...
...Burns Woodward, 48, with the prize for chemistry; Harvard's Dr. Julian Schwinger, 47, and Dr. Richard P. Feynman, 47, of the California Institute of Technology, who share the physics prize with Tokyo's Dr. Shin-ichiro Tomonaga, 59; Francois Jacob, 45, Andre Lwoff, 63, and Jacques Monod, 55, sharing the prize for medicine; and Cossack Novelist (And Quiet Flows the Don) Mikhail Shololchov, 60, who says he shares the prize for literature with the Soviet people even though the award does come "a little late...
Jacob and Monod carried this line of experimentation further, discovered that a macromolecule of DNA itself does not tell the cell what substances to manufacture. Instead, it makes a partial copy of itself, called "messenger RNA," to execute its orders. The Jacob-Monod hypothesis goes on to suggest that a second or "operator" gene, also present in the DNA, may work with the basic gene in a complex feed-back mechanism. And there may even be a third type of gene...
...Jacques Monod, 55, Paris-born, trained in the U.S. in 1936, awarded U.S. Bronze Star; at Pasteur since 1945; professor of cellular biochemistry at Paris' Faculté des Sciences...