Word: mussolini
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Appointed Premier in 1932, he set out to create an Estado Novo, a corporate state modeled on Mussolini's Italy. He forcibly imposed unity on the nation and created a secret police organization, PIDE, that harshly repressed dissent. He ran the economy with a stern, conservative hand, but his country remained the poorest in Western Europe. At the time of his retirement, Portugal's annual per-capita income was $454 (v. Spain's $663), and 40% of its 9,000,000 people were illiterate...
...countrymen four years ago after an army coup had installed him as President of Argentina. It became increasingly clear that Ongania's chief aim was to perpetuate his own authoritarian rule. To do so, he sought to create a corporate state in the style of Italy's Mussolini or Spain's Franco. Instead of holding elections, Ongania planned to establish a "three-pillared state" by appointing representatives of the unions, business interests and the technical-professional class to new executive advisory councils...
...founders of modern Italy established a strong central government 100 years ago to unify a collection of hopelessly disparate cities, petty principalities, provinces and kingdoms. Mussolini centralized further to solidify Fascist power, and since World War II, the government has been unable to break the habit of taking everything upon itself. As a result, its power is so centralized that Rome rules on everything down to road repairs and hunting licenses, delegating authority through weak provincial governments and even providing funds for local government...
With psychiatric insight, Nichols has constructed Catch-22 like a spiral staircase set with mirrors. Yossarian ascends by dols, units of pain, glimpsing pieces of himself until he comes to a landing of understanding. It is 1944, Mussolini has collapsed, and Allied victory is inevitable. But for the bombardment group, there is no surcease. Colonel Cathcart compulsively keeps raising the number of missions required before an airman can be rotated Stateside...
...earlier, Wilson himself left Clement Attlee's regime in protest against an emphasis on arms over social welfare. Anthony Eden suffered similar Cabinet defections as a result of his Suez policy in 1956, even as, nearly 20 years earlier, he had repudiated Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Mussolini by his own resignation. The British have probably best refined the notion of principled resignation−there have been more than 70 such Cabinet departures in this century. But it is also widely practiced on the Continent...