Word: musts
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Pattern of Responses. It is only since World War II that the investigation of pain has been pursued as energetically as the search for disease-causing microbes. One of the difficulties that must be understood, says University of Wisconsin Psychologist Richard A. Sternbach, is that pain is not a "thing," and certainly not a single, simple thing, but an abstract concept used by observers to describe three different things: "1) A personal, private sensation of hurt; 2) a harmful stimulus, which signals current or impending tissue damage; and 3) a pattern of responses, which operates to protect the organism from...
Thick and Thin. First, researchers must answer a basic question: how is pain felt? As long ago as 1826, Johannes Peter Müller promulgated the "law of specific nerve energies." He suggested that stimulation of specific pain receptors in the skin, like those for heat or pressure, sends impulses along specific nerve fibers to equally specific parts of the spinal cord and brain. This concept has since been called the "direct telephone-line system." The latest research shows that the system is by no means so simple as direct dialing. It is full of crossovers and redundancies, creating...
...that U.S. military courts consistently dispense an inferior brand of justice. At courts-martial, he pointed out, enlisted men are tried by a panel that is usually composed of officers, who reach their verdict by a two-thirds vote, instead of by a jury of their peers whose verdict must nearly always be unanimous. The Uniform Code of Military Justice, Douglas noted, continues to be primarily an instrument of discipline and not justice. He indicted the system as "marked by the age-old manifest destiny of retributive justice" and as "singularly inept in dealing with the nice subtleties of constitutional...
...ghettos. As for private donors, explains the Los Angeles Philharmonic's Zubin Mehta, the same reliable philanthropists also give to museums, hospitals and universities, and they have just about reached the limit of giving. Foundation money, like the $80.2 million that Ford gave to 61 orchestras in 1966, must be matched by orchestra-raised funds; many of the symphonies have not yet found the donations to qualify for such grants. "Every year our expenses go up," says Mehta, "but the donations remain the same...
...lesson to be learned from the Minneapolis experience is that each orchestra must devise ways to serve its community better. As Shaver warns: "You cannot raise endowments by trying to finance the status...