Word: napoleons
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...world, their successors in the modern nation of Italy are caught in as tangled and Kafkaesque a legal code as besets any country. Wrestling with precedents that go back to the Twelve Tables of 450 B.C., to the Caesars and Hadrian and Justinian, plagued by remnants of the Code Napoleon and the harsh Fascist glorifications of police and state, baffled judges let dockets pile up. Cases drag on, and prisons overflow with prisoners still awaiting trial. The solution: a periodic amnesty...
France's grueling baccalaureate exam, the pre-university hurdle founded by Napoleon 151 years ago, has been a nightmare for secondary-school students ever since. The "bachot"' is a double headache: up to three days of stiff written exams, one appalling day of ten successive 10-minute oral exams by ten gimlet-eyed professors. Those who fail in June (65%) get another chance in September; those who fail then (80%) stay at school another year. Notable first-round failures: Anatole France, Alphonse Daudet, Andre Gide, Franchise Sagan. Though some brave bachot bumblers repeat the year as many...
...invitation from Italy was nearly a year old, but with his customary talent for the dramatic, President Charles de Gaulle of France had waited for just the right occasion to stage his first state visit abroad. On June 24, 100 years ago, Emperor Napoleon III defeated the Austrians at Solferino alongside Sardinia's little Victor Emmanuel II, who two years later became the first king of a united Italy. Off went the imperial message to Paris-"Great battle, great victory!"-though it had been such a blood bath that a Swiss traveler, Henri Dunant, shocked by the lack...
...Caribbean Martinique, which gave Napoleon his Josephine and gives De Gaulle a loyal oui. See THE HEMISPHERE...
...been the 20th century trend toward what he calls "de mocratism"-democracy carried to the extreme of insisting that the national government must directly represent the majority will. And ultimately, democratism leads to "Caesarism," with a national election amounting to little more than a nationwide plebiscite giving a leader (Napoleon, Hitler) an "unrestricted proxy...