Word: nations
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...isolation from the world, China was invaded by the West-by its traders, missionaries, soldiers and technicians. First under Sun Yatsen, whose revolution overthrew the Manchu empire, then under Chiang Kaishek, new leaders struggled to rescue the Chinese spirit from repeated foreign humiliations, and, above all, to push the nation into the modern world. After the Communists moved in to capture the nationalist revolution, a bitter civil war left China in chaos...
...Great Leap. With patience, some economists believe, Communist China could have been very largely self-sufficient by about 1967. But Mao, with his rigid dogmatism, was impatient. In 1957, he launched his Great Leap Forward-a single heroic burst that would overnight transform China into a modern nation. The targets were preposterous-e.g., a 33% annual increase in industrial production-and so were the demands made on the people. "In those days, the workers never went home," a factory manager told Austrian Journalist Hugo Portisch. "They stayed at their machines twelve, 14, 16 or 20 hours at a time...
...whirlpool quickly engulfed the nation. Under the assault of the youthful Red Guards, Mao's fanatic shock troops, the party and government bureaucracies were badly battered and leaders like President Liu Shao-chi were humiliated and ousted. The economy ground down. Schools were closed for almost two years; when...
...Cleanup. Once unleashed, however, the forces were difficult to harness. To this day, the nation remains in disarray. Last month, with the aid of the army, the regime launched a "big cleanup." Since then, there have been reports of mass arrests, public trials and even executions of "factionalists, reactionaries, anarchists, saboteurs and opportunists." It is unclear whether the campaign is intended simply to put China's house in order for the Oct. 1 anniversary or whether it is part of the army's larger, long-range drive to restore peace and order...
...preoccupation will be with such necessities as the restoration of law and order, the rehabilitation of the economy, a toning down of the conflict with the Soviets. There may even be concessions to private incentive. The compelling need to restore domestic calm might be enough to keep the nation out of foreign adventure. China's military stance is therefore likely to remain defensive for some time-provided the feud with the Soviets does not get out of hand. The dispute between the two nations is at an extremely sensitive juncture. For roughly three months, the Soviets have been exerting...