Word: negro
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...Supreme Court's majority opinion, written by Justice William Brennan, conceded that the lower courts' rulings had followed the letter of the 1964 law, but insisted that they were not within its spirit. The primary concern of Congress was with "the plight of the Negro in our economy," Brennan wrote. It would be "ironic indeed," he said, if Title VII was used to prohibit "all voluntary, private, race-conscious efforts to abolish traditional patterns" of discrimination...
...traditional soapbox to orate, as he put it, on "everything from the French Revolution and the history of slavery, to the rise of the working class. It was one of the great intellectual forums of America." He also started a radical magazine, The Messenger, which questioned why Negroes should fight in World War I when they were denied freedom at home. The Woodrow Wilson Administration, which moved to segregate the civil service, labeled Randolph the "most dangerous Negro in America." He was arrested in the same summer as Socialist Leader Eugene Debs, and spent two days in jail...
...whose earlier attempts to organize workingmen had largely failed, at first said no. He was not even a member of that fraternity that shined the shoes and cleaned the cuspidors of traveling America. But he soon saw his mission. The outraged Pullman Co. tried to crush the movement; even Negro preachers and newspapers fulminated against the union. But for ten trying years, Randolph exhorted porters across the country. Finally, Pullman capitulated in 1937 and signed its first contract with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Randolph was confirmed in the affectionate title of "Chief...
...Arkansas Congressman (1939-69); of a heart attack; in West Memphis, Ark. Influential on agricultural committees, Gathings made headlines in 1952 when he did an impromptu hootchy-kootchy before a House committee to illustrate the lewdness of TV. Opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, he insisted that "the Negro in the South is a happy person. He understands the members of the white race, and they understand...
...first time to small towns and rural America. Record numbers attended performances in larger cities. "Children's units" in many cities revolutionized children's entertainment; young Walt Disney was one who drew inspiration from Yasha Frank's Los Angeles performances. Groups like the Spanish unit in Florida and the "Negro units" in many major cities brought series theater to audiences who had been ignored and performers who had been stereotyped...