Word: neutrinos
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...familiar with can be subsumed within one family of particles. This family includes the common electron, which hovers around the nucleus of the atom; the "up" and "down" varieties of quarks, now known to be the constituents of protons and neutrons; and an obscure particle known as the electron neutrino. Neutrinos have no charge and no measured mass, yet are thought to be among the most abundant particles in the universe...
...right. Lederman, along with former Columbia University colleagues Melvin Schwartz, 55, now the head of his own computer firm in California, and Jack Steinberger, 67, a research physicist in Geneva, Switzerland, won the award for their groundbreaking contributions to particle physics. In 1962 the three developed techniques to capture neutrinos and use them to discover other particles in the subatomic world, including the muon neutrino, believed to be one of the dozen building blocks of matter...
Physicists had long speculated about the existence of neutrinos, particles that appear in all radioactive processes. Because the elusive neutrino is essentially without mass or charge, it was difficult to pin down. Lederman calculates that a single neutrino has only a fifty-fifty chance of being deflected when streaming through 100 million miles of solid steel. The young physicists used the powerful accelerator in Brookhaven, L.I., to produce and aim a flood of protons at a beryllium metal target. The stupendous collisions of protons slamming into the barrier shattered atomic nuclei, releasing new particles, including neutrinos. The particles then...
...Neutrino Showers...
...This is important because we don't know themass of the neutrino, one of the essentialelementary particles. If there were no neutrinos,there would be no sun and no Earth," Glashow said...