Word: neutrinos
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...right. Lederman, along with former Columbia University colleagues Melvin Schwartz, 55, now the head of his own computer firm in California, and Jack Steinberger, 67, a research physicist in Geneva, Switzerland, won the award for their groundbreaking contributions to particle physics. In 1962 the three developed techniques to capture neutrinos and use them to discover other particles in the subatomic world, including the muon neutrino, believed to be one of the dozen building blocks of matter...
...Neutrino Showers...
...This is important because we don't know themass of the neutrino, one of the essentialelementary particles. If there were no neutrinos,there would be no sun and no Earth," Glashow said...
Both the Mont Blanc and Mount Elbrus detectors also picked up neutrino bursts at the crucial time, but scientists are still puzzling over another burst recorded at Mont Blanc some 4 1/2 hours earlier. They will examine the data further this week at a meeting in Wisconsin. In any case, Bahcall is ecstatic. "I think this is almost surrealistic," he says. "It's hard to believe I'm actually awake." Agrees University of Chicago Astronomer W. David Arnett: "There have been smoking guns, but we've never seen the act committed before...
...neutrino bursts could help pin down theoretical models not only about how stars die but also about how the universe might expire. A debate is raging over how much "dark matter" -- stuff invisible to astronomers -- exists in the universe. If there is sufficient dark matter, its gravity will be enough to force the universe, still expanding from the Big Bang, to slow, stop and fall together again in a "Big Crunch." If the necessary matter does not exist, the universe will expand forever...