Word: nicaea
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...Nicholas attends the First Council of Nicaea and helps create the Nicene Creed, which millions upon millions of Sunday School children will later memorize. Tip: children who mention this in their annual letter to Santa receive an average of 3 extra toys...
...strikingly different from the 20 other ecclesiastical assemblies that Roman Catholicism ranks as ecumenical. It is the first council that did not face, or leave in its wake, heresy or schism. Councils have always been the church's last-resort response to crisis-from the First Council of Nicaea, summoned by Emperor Constantine in 325 to combat the Arian heresy, to the abortive Vatican I (1869-70), which faced the bewildering effects of the ever-widening industrial revolution...
...will not be looking for novelty. "Vatican II was not a charter for endless change," he says. Some questions are "closed." Among them: whether homosexual acts can be morally permissible (no); whether divorced Catholics can be permitted to remarry (no); whether the Christology of the ancient church councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon can be modified...
Second-Coming Symbolism. When the Arian heretics proposed that Christ, while divine, was not equal to God the Father, the Council of Nicaea in 325 turned to a word derived from Hellenic philosophy, homoousia, to express its conviction that Jesus was of the same "substance" with the Father. At the Council of Constantinople, 56 years later, church fathers responded to heresy by defining the divinity of the Holy Spirit and proclaiming that the three "persons," or hypostases, were coequal manifestations...
...spirit of God, which manifested itself as a wind, or sometimes as fire. The New Testament mentions the Holy Spirit 88 times variously as the "spirit of truth," the bearer of "witness," and the "promise of the Father," but gives no further definition. Not until the Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople in the 4th century was Christian Trinitarianism proclaimed: one God in three persons-Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Contemporary religious thinkers do not seek to redefine the Spirit, but rather seek to know him through his manifestations in the world, such as the ecumenical movement, strivings for peace...