Word: nicaea
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Second-Coming Symbolism. When the Arian heretics proposed that Christ, while divine, was not equal to God the Father, the Council of Nicaea in 325 turned to a word derived from Hellenic philosophy, homoousia, to express its conviction that Jesus was of the same "substance" with the Father. At the Council of Constantinople, 56 years later, church fathers responded to heresy by defining the divinity of the Holy Spirit and proclaiming that the three "persons," or hypostases, were coequal manifestations...
...spirit of God, which manifested itself as a wind, or sometimes as fire. The New Testament mentions the Holy Spirit 88 times variously as the "spirit of truth," the bearer of "witness," and the "promise of the Father," but gives no further definition. Not until the Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople in the 4th century was Christian Trinitarianism proclaimed: one God in three persons-Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Contemporary religious thinkers do not seek to redefine the Spirit, but rather seek to know him through his manifestations in the world, such as the ecumenical movement, strivings for peace...
...strikingly different from the 20 other ecclesiastical assemblies that Roman Catholicism ranks as ecumenical. It is the first council that did not face, or leave in its wake, heresy or schism. Councils have always been the church's last-resort response to crisis - from the First Council of Nicaea, summoned by Emperor Constantine in 325 to combat the Arian heresy, to Trent (1545-63), which had to cope with the Reformation, to the abortive Vatican I (1869-70), which faced bewildering currents of anticlericalism and the effects of the ever-widening industrial revolution...
...first eight councils were largely concerned with defining church doctrine. In the process of stamping out heresies, the fathers extracted from the message of Scripture the essential dogmas of the Trinity. Condemning the thought of an Alexandrian priest named Arius, First Nicaea ruled that Christ was divine-"the only begotten of the Father, of the same substance with the Father." Ephesus anathematized the Nestorians, because they refused to acknowledge Mary as Theotokos, the Mother of God. Chalcedon condemned the Monophysites, for denying that Christ united a divine and a human nature in one person. The councils may have brought...
...Roman Catholic reckoning, 20 councils deserve the name ecumenical-meaning councils representing the entire church in union with Rome. But Anglicans and many Protestants regard only the first four councils-Nicaea (325), Constantinople (381), Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451)-as ecumenical; Orthodox churches accept the ecumenicity of three more-the Second of Nicaea (787), the Second (553) and Third (680) of Constantinople. All the others, non-Catholics insist, are simple regional councils of the Latin church...