Word: nicaragua
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...late November 1989, American intelligence reported that the Soviet freighter Vladimir Ilyich, bound for Nicaragua, had loaded a cargo of four Mi- 17 Hip helicopters at Port Leningrad. The 38 Hips previously shipped to the Sandinistas had been used to devastating effect in the war against the contra rebels. It now looked as if Managua would get more. In neighboring El Salvador, meanwhile, Marxist guerrillas had launched their strongest offensive in years, managing to trap twelve American Green Berets in a luxury hotel. President Bush responded by dispatching a contingent of Delta Force commandos. U.S. intervention seemed a distinct possibility...
...American diplomacy was paying off, an important signal that a tortured and bumpy attempt to end the conflict in Central America was back on track. The drama didn't end with the Vladimir Ilyich's recall. A good deal of hard bargaining between Washington and Moscow ensued. But when Nicaragua finally held its first free election in February, and the Sandinistas peacefully transferred power to the opposition that had defeated them, the superpowers had reason to celebrate. They had shown they could work together to solve the toughest conflicts. That cooperation is continuing now in an effort...
...their communications with Managua, the Soviets were always subtle. With the crisis over, the helicopters that were withheld in December were sent to Nicaragua at the end of January. Moscow, however, assured Washington that they were equipped for civilian use only. In explaining the Kremlin's decision to send the choppers after all, a Soviet academic at a Moscow think tank offers a lesson in the application of pressure. "To maintain one's influence in a situation," he says, "it is often necessary -- in fact it is usually necessary -- to both give and withhold. Especially in Latin America, where every...
When Aronson and Pavlov met in Washington on April 2, five weeks after Chamorro's victory in Nicaragua, it became clear the Soviets had learned just how the new game could be played. The talk now concerned El Salvador, and the Soviets deftly reversed roles. With Moscow supporting the F.M.L.N. rebels, Pavlov borrowed the arguments Aronson had advanced for nine months with respect to Nicaragua. Pavlov said he saw "no lack of desire on the part of the F.M.L.N. to negotiate" an end to its war with the Cristiani government. He asked that the U.S. "pressure" Cristiani to "speak seriously...
...conceded the election in Nicaragua's presidential vote last February, Daniel Ortega promised supporters that his Sandinista party would "rule from below." Last week Nicaraguans got a taste of what that means, and President Violeta Chamorro learned that even out of office, the Sandinistas are far from powerless...