Word: nikkei
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...documents pointing to error account No. 88888, a piece of evidence overlooked by Barings auditors. It showed Leeson had already built up a $80 million deficit at the end of 1994, the year in which he supposedly earned huge profits for Barings and had become known unofficially as the Nikkei king on the SIMEX floor. His reputation was based on his ability to spot tiny differences in the value of Nikkei futures on the exchanges of Singapore and Osaka, Japan, and make millions by exploiting the spread, buying where the price was low and immediately selling where it was high...
Leeson started buying and selling the simplest kind of derivatives, futures pegged to the Nikkei 225, an index of the value of 225 Japanese stocks that is Japan's equivalent of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. It was a straightforward process: in effect, Leeson placed open-ended bets on what would happen to billions of dollars worth of Japanese stocks and bonds. His wager was similar to what gamblers in Las Vegas betting on a football game call the over and under-meaning a bet on whether the final score of a football game will be above or below...
...risk because Leeson said he was executing the huge purchase orders at a client's behest-and presumably with the client's funds. Furthermore, to Barings' delight, Leeson was also making a tidy profit by making those trades in conjunction with the bank's separate and official holdings of Nikkei 225s in Osaka and SIMEX."I won't tell you how good," says a Barings employee, "but it was a good business." Little did Barings know that it was responsible for error account No. 88888, which was unhedged and would turn out to be fatal to the company...
...late November or December, Leeson decided to wager that the Nikkei index would not drop below about 19,000 points on March 10, 1995. It seemed to be a safe bet: the Japanese economy was already rebounding after a 30-month recession. Using the account No. 88888 also had a special advantage, one that Leeson had probably learned about in his old back-office job in London when he made sure cash flowed into the right accounts. Both Osaka and Singapore demand prompt margin payments on contracts-that is, the difference between what the contracts were sold for and their...
Still, in December 1994 and early January 1995, the Nikkei 225 seemed headed for 19,000. On the morning of Jan. 17, 1995, however, an earthquake measuring 7.2 devastated the Japanese city of Kobe-and the erstwhile stable Nikkei index plummeted more than 7% in a week. Despite that, over the next three weeks Leeson bought thousands more contracts betting that the Nikkei would stabilize at 19,000. "He was going for the big kill," says the director of one trading house in Singapore. A Japanese trading executive remembers wondering what Barings was doing. "We figured that it is such...