Word: nitrogen
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Soviet capsule also measured Venusian atmospheric pressures up to 15 times as great as the earth's and determined that the atmosphere consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide, which, scientists believe, is spewed out by volcanic activity. No trace of nitrogen (which constitutes 78% of the earth's atmosphere) and only 1.5% of oxygen and water vapor were detected. In readings made before Venus 4 entered the atmosphere, the Russians could find no evidence of a Venusian magnetic field and radiation belt...
...process begins the minute that the blood is donated to the center. Tubes of sample blood go to the laboratory for high-speed analysis and typing. Centrifuges separate out various blood components; the red cells, with glycerol added to prevent ice-crystal formation, are flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen at -320° F. Stored at this same temperature in thin stainless-steel flasks, they will keep for years. Says the center's Biochemist Arthur W. Rowe, who developed the technique: "We have taken a long step toward ending the tyranny of the 21 days...
...transfusions are in the form of fractions. The center already keeps in stock, on the average, several hundred units of whole blood, up to 1,000 of frozen red cells and up to 1,500 of clotting factors. When the center completes its frozen-storage space, for which liquid nitrogen will be delivered like fuel oil through a sidewalk hose hole, it expects to keep regularly on hand 10,000 units of various kinds...
...scarcely had a chance. Now Apollo has only one hatch, and it can be opened with a ratchet from inside in about five seconds. The mechanism of the new, 70-lb. hatch, which Low says can be opened "with your little finger," is assisted by a cylinder of compressed nitrogen gas. Better for escape during ground tests, the quick-opening hatch also provides easier exit and re-entry during operations outside the spacecraft in flight. Moreover, it assures astronauts of a simpler solution to docking or passageway problems when they return to the command module in the spacecraft designed...
...engineers termed the idea of using TRIP-processed materials to prevent metal fatigue "pure speculation" at this point, it is not beyond the realm of possibility. Other conceivable uses of TRIP steel: storage tanks to withstand the super-coolness (as much as -450° F.) of liquid helium, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen; chemical-processing equipment; roller and ball bearings. TRIP, in the estimate of its discoverers, is capable of being produced commercially at prices competitive with other high-strength steels. It may some day be used in the manufacture of deep-diving descendants of such undersea vessels as the bathyscaphe...