Word: niyazov
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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This is heartwarming news for the Clinton Administration. Despite the focus on strategic thinking, the final pipeline decision will depend heavily on costs. So U.S. officials were jubilant at Total's confession, and they got another boost last week. In a joint communique with Clinton, Niyazov affirmed that he was leaning toward an east-west gas-and-oil line under the Caspian as part of the larger system the U.S. is pushing. In October the huge consortium based in Baku is to decide which route it will support, and the Clinton Administration believes its side in this Great Game...
...million national debt get you down? Last fall SAPARMURAD NIYAZOV, the President of Turkmenistan, wanted an official plane for a state visit to Beijing. Though his country is saddled with that substantial debt, and although at least one bank refused a request to finance the purchase, Turkmenistan still wound up buying a pricey Boeing 737-300 by tapping into a multimillion-dollar German bank account with its share of the former Soviet Union's oil and gas pipeline proceeds. The new plane's cost: $40 million...
...that it is not enough to establish a presidential form of rule if there are not local democratic traditions to sustain it. During the past year, new Presidents have been overthrown in the former republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. In the Central Asian nation of Turkmenistan, President Saparmurad Niyazov is reviving the tradition of the communist personality cult, complete with marching columns of youths dressed in T shirts emblazoned with his portrait...