Word: normalization
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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What makes Batista's procedure so revolutionary and so controversial is the seeming paradox of cutting away heart muscle to make the heart stronger. As Batista boldly excises chunks of the heart (some pieces are the size of a normal heart) and sews the heart back together, surgeons around the world are watching with both skepticism...
...every standard medical and logical, Henry Jackson, lying unconscious in a New Jersey hospital on his 32nd birthday, was finished. Massive internal hemorrhaging had drained him of 90% of his blood. His level of hemoglobin--the vital, oxygen-carrying compound in his red cells--had plummeted from a normal reading of 13 to an ominous 1.7, a number that one of his doctors characterized as "incompatible with survival." A blood transfusion could save him, but his wife, torn between her husband's life and their beliefs as Jehovah's Witnesses--a religious community that prohibits transfusions because of biblical references...
...cleaned and then returned to the patient's body. Red blood cells can also be saved through hemodilution. In this procedure, hemoglobin-rich blood is pumped unit by unit from a vein and replaced by an equal number of units of a nonblood fluid to expand the volume to normal; the patient's own drawn blood is held for use after surgery. In another technique, doctors may use albumin, a protein found in plasma that is acceptable to many who refuse transfusions on religious grounds, to maintain or increase blood volume, or to manage an underlying medical condition. Says Shander...
Navigating methodically, Black now divides the tumor from the normal brain, cauterizing severed blood vessels as he goes. He cuts all the way around the edge of the tumor, gradually detaching its mass. Fifteen minutes later, he lifts the bulk of Schuler's cancer out of the hole he has made and places it in a stainless-steel bowl. "Call the tumor guys to come down and get a specimen," he orders. Another piece of the tumor will be sent to Black's own lab while he goes back in to clean up the cavity...
...discovery that bradykinin, a natural body peptide, is highly effective in opening the blood-brain barrier by making capillary walls leaky--the way leukotrienes do, he says, only to a greater degree. "The fantastic thing about bradykinin," says Black, "is that it does not open the barrier to the normal brain--only to tumors." By using RMP-7, a synthetic version of bradykinin, Black's team has been able to focus chemotherapy drugs right on the tumors, increasing the effective dose as much as 10-fold. Crucial to RMP-7's success, however, is the development of more effective chemotherapy...