Word: normalized
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...process (meiosis or reduction division) that gives each of them half as many chromosomes as in the nonsexual cells. This reduction is necessary because the sex cells join during fertilization of the egg, and if each contributed a full set of chromosomes, the fertilized egg would have twice the normal number. But if both sperm and egg contribute half as many chromosomes, the fertilized egg gets just the right number...
Mutated Mold. The Beadle and Tatum plan for Neurospora was to try to create strains that differ from the normal mold in simple, chemical ways. Their method was simple, too. They irradiated mold with X rays to induce mutations. Then they gathered spores formed by sexual reproduction and laid them out on a sheet of agar jelly containing the minimum nutrients that natural wild mold requires. Some of the spores sprouted and grew normally, showing that they had not been mutated in any obvious way. Some were dead, perhaps mutated too much...
...experiment, Beadle and Tatum resolved to make at least 1,000 tries before giving up. Such perseverence was not necessary. On the 299th try they found an ailing spore that needed only vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) to make it grow lustily. When it had mated with a normal mold, it transmitted its need for vitamin B-6 to its descendants in the proper Mendelian manner for a single mutated gene...
...their success in 1941, they had quite a collection of defective molds, each needing some extra nutrient or having some other gene-controlled chemical ailment. In a few years their imitators filled their own laboratories with molds as unnatural as the most monstrous fruit flies. The coral fluffs of normal Neurospora are rare in the test tubes and Petri dishes. In their place are blackish warts, lichenlike incrustations, or sick-looking globules. One horrible kind of mold grown in a moving liquid floats in bunches with limp limbs like soft, dead crabs...
...blue chip outlay, he needed two full houses every week night and three on weekends, with every one of the 1,000 seats returning as much as $30. The first week he grossed $70,000 and lost $10,000. Says he: "If I'd paid Hutton a normal salary, I could have made $10,000 instead...